Indonesia — Marginal Thinking

Global System & PowerSeptember 23, 2026

BRICS Global South New Development Bank international institutions local currencies

BRICS in 2026: from an investment acronym to a heterogeneous institution of Global South coordination

An institutional and economic reconstruction of how BRICS evolved from a four-country analytical category into an 11-member coordination system with a development bank, wider diplomatic reach and rising internal heterogeneity.

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Global System & PowerSeptember 23, 2026

Indonesia economic history nickel industrial policy decentralization

Indonesia: archipelagic state formation, commodity upgrading and the challenge of converting scale into productivity

Indonesia's modern economy was shaped by maritime trade, colonial extraction, post-independence state building and a post-1998 democratic decentralization; in 2026 its central challenge is to turn a vast domestic market, mineral endowments and infrastructure investment into higher productivity without recreating commodity dependence or regional fragmentation.

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